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Surface Seismic
4-C Borehole Seismic |
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3-Component, 4-Component VSP Imaging |
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3D Migration
3D migration maps the reflection energy in three
dimensions, achieving superb delineation of reflectors and
faults compared to that achieved by 2D migration. Data
example opposite displays a multiline 2D Walkaway VSP,
comparing results using the 2D VSP migration (left) with a
3D VSP migration (right). |
2D Migration
3D Migration |
3-C, 3D Migration
Three-component 3-C, 3D migration directionally distributes
energies to their
reflection origins, which further enhances the 3D image
effects. This technique
is especially beneficial when the data quantity is limited.
The example shows a salt boundary image by three in-line
(2D) sources. The lower reflector is in the off-line
direction. This result cannot be achieved by the regular 3D
migration.
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4-C Processing
With the addition of a hydrophone module in the Baker Atlas
acquisition tools, full 4-C data can be processed. 4-C
processing allows the successful separation of wavefields in
horizontal wells. This allows improved imaging below the
well and
derivation of rock properties, such as Vp/Vs ratios.
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Method of combining geophone and hydrophone
data successfully established
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4-C well seismic data produces a
high-resolution image below a horizontal well track
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Guided and converted wave information can be
used to confirm presence of faults
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VSP imaging in horizontal wells
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Discrimination of permeable zones
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Improved interpretation in complex
geological setting
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Vp/Vs computation from P-wave amplitudes
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