Typically, VSP data is of known phase, free of multiples, and its amplitude characteristics are measurable, in terms of decay and absorption (Q). These properties give us the ability to use measured downhole responses to phase and frequency match the surface-seismic volume, design controlled demultiple operators, and provide variable Q models for Q-compensation studies.

• Phase control
• Amplitude control
• Frequency control
• Q compensation

• Demultiple operators

Attenuation in seismic data is governed by energy loss per oscillation over a given travel time. High frequencies exhibit higher level of oscillation and are more prone to attenuation.

Using the VSP downgoing wavefield recorded at successive depths in the borehole, it is possible to estimate the decay of high frequencies with depth. The frequency decay estimate can then be inversely applied to surface-seismic data to restore lost bandwidth.