Time-lapse studies can be enhanced through the use of borehole seismic data. VSP data typically have greater bandwidth and better lateral resolution than the corresponding surface-seismic data. Inversion of seismic data is more reliable with increased bandwidth, particularly when it can be calibrated to well-log data. As a result, the time matching of processing flow is improved.

VSP data are recorded in a relatively time-insensitive environment (i.e., no surface changes such as dune motion, water table variations) and, therefore, exhibit superb repeatability. VSP data, such as 3D VSP or 2D profiles, can be used as standalone targeted, high-resolution time-lapse products.

When borehole and surface-seismic data are recorded together, the borehole trace provides a repeatable location from which to base the surface-seismic time matching processing flow. This process improves the reliability of surface 4D studies, particularly in difficult areas, such as onshore dune environments.