Both 2D and 3D VSPs improve reservoir characterization. High-resolution VSP data can be integrated with surface seismic data to provide detailed descriptions of formation properties and identification of reservoir compartments not possible with surface seismic data alone.

Benefits and Applications
Reservoir Delineation

• Depth prediction of seismic events ahead of and offset from the drill bit
• Time-depth correlation with surface seismic data
• Structural imaging
• Improves reservoir characterization by delineation of faults and pinchouts

AVO and Anisotropy Modeling and Analysis

• Surface seismic AVO calibration
• Anisotropy detection for accurate model building
• Better understanding of lithology, porosity, pore fluids, and orientation of aligned fractures

Rig source deviated borehole

seismic image (VSP-CDP

transform) digitally spliced into

the surface seismic section.

2D VSP Imaging

• Improved vertical and lateral resolution compared to surface seismic
• Phase determination and matching of surface seismic
• Rig source deviated borehole seismic image (VSP-CDP transform) digitally spliced into the surface seismic section.
• The offset VSP provides enhanced resolution to the surface seismic data. The offset VSP and Corridor Stack are superimposed on the surface seismic data.
• Extraction of parameters for enhanced surface seismic processing
• Generation of a high-resolution velocity model at the wellbore
• Q compensation derived from borehole VSP data improves surface seismic resolution

3D VSP Imaging

• Simultaneous surface and borehole seismic data acquisition reduces operating costs
• Improved vertical and lateral resolution compared to surface seismic
• Using a shared VSP calibrated velocity model, the 3D VSP can be integrated with the surface seismic data
• Volumetric estimates improved by high resolution 3D VSP
• True 3D migration in time and depth
• 2D out of plane migration errors solved by 3D migration

Salt Imaging

• Salt Flank Reflection Imaging
• Sub-Salt Imaging – Map reflections beneath salt base, which are not illuminated by surface seismic
• 3D Salt Proximity – Refraction Methodology